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NETWORK ACCESS AND PHYSICAL LAYER IOT NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES

 

NETWORK ACCESS AND PHYSICAL LAYER IOT
NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES

IoT network technologies to be aware of toward the bottom of the protocol stack include cellular, Wifi, and Ethernet, as well as more specialized solutions such as LPWAN, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee, NFC, and RFID. NB-IoT is becoming the standard for LPWAN networks, according to Gartner. This IoT for All article tells more about NB-IoT. The following are network technologies with brief descriptions of each:

LPWAN

(Low Power Wide Area Network) is a category of technologies designed for low-power, long-range wireless communication. They are ideal for large-scale deployments of low-power IoT devices such as wireless sensors. LPWAN technologies include LoRa (LongRange physical layer protocol), Haystack, SigFox, LTE-M, and NB-IoT (Narrow-Band IoT). 

Cellular

The LPWAN NB-IoT and LTE-M standards address low-power, low-cost IoT communication options using existing cellular networks. NB-IoT is the newest of these standards and is focused on long-range communication between large numbers of primarily indoor devices. LTE-M and NB-IoT were developed specifically for IoT, however existing cellular technologies are also frequently adopted for long-range wireless communication.

While this has included 2G (GSM) in legacy devices (and currently being phased out), CDMA (also being retired or phased out), it also includes 3G, which is rapidly being phased out with several network providers retiring all 3G devices. 4G is still active and will be until 5G becomes fully available and implemented. 

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)

BLE is a low-power version of the popular Bluetooth 2.4 GHz wireless communication protocol. It is designed for short-range (no more than 100 meters) communication, typically in a star configuration, with a single primary device that controls several secondary devices. Bluetooth operates across both layers 1 (PHY) and 2 (MAC) of the OSI model. BLE is best suited to devices that transmit low volumes of data in bursts. Devices are designed to sleep and save power when they are not transmitting data. Personal IoT devices such as wearable health and fitness trackers, often use BLE.

ZigBee

ZigBee operates on a 2.4GHz wireless communication spectrum. It has a longer range than BLE by up to 100 meters. It also has a slightly lower data rate (250 kbps maximum compared to 270 kbps for BLE) than BLE. ZigBee is a mesh network protocol. Unlike BLE, not all devices can sleep between bursts. Much depends on their position in the mesh and whether they need to act as routers or controllers within the mesh. ZigBee was designed for building and home automation applications. Another closely related technology to ZigBee is Z-Wave, which is also based on IEEE 802.15.4. Z-Wave was designed for home automation. It has been proprietary technology but was recently released as a public domain specification. 

NFC

The near-field communication (NFC) protocol is used for very small-range communication (up to 4 cm), such as holding an NFC card or tag next to a reader. NFC is often used for payment systems, but also useful for check-in systems and smart labels in asset tracking.

RFID

RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification. RFID tags store identifiers and data. The tags are attached to devices and read by an RFID reader. The typical range of RFID is less than a meter. RFID tags can be active, passive, or assisted passive. Passive tags are ideal for devices without batteries, as the ID is passively read by the reader.

Active tags periodically broadcast their ID, while assisted passive tags become active when an RFID reader is present. Dash7 is a communication protocol that uses active RFID that is designed to be used within Industrial IoT applications for secure long-range communication. Similar to NFC, a typical use case for RFID is tracking inventory items within retail and industrial IoT applications. 

Wifi 

Wifi is standard wireless networking based on IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n specifications. 802.11n offers the highest data throughput, but at the cost of high-power consumption, so IoT devices might only use 802.11b or g for power conservation reasons. Although wifi is adopted within many prototype and current-generation IoT devices, as longer-range and lower-power solutions become more widely available, it is likely that wifi will be superseded by lower-power alternatives.

Ethernet 

Widely deployed for wired connectivity within local area networks, Ethernet implements the IEEE 802.3 standard. Not all IoT devices need to be stationary wireless. For example, sensor units installed within a building automation system can use wired networking technologies like Ethernet. Power line communication (PLC), an alternative hard-wired solution, uses existing electrical wiring instead of dedicated network cables.

'Acharya Ramchandra Shukla' was born in 1884 in a village named Agona in Basti district, Uttar Pradesh, India. His father Pt. Chandrawali Shukla was a Sarayuparin Brahmin. He was a supervisor Kanungo and biased of Urdu. Shuklji had studied till the Intermediate. After this, he did the job. Then he left the job and became a teacher. He started writing in Hindi from his student life. Impressed by Shuklaji's ability, Nagari Pracharini Sabha, Kashi called him to work in the Hindi literature. Shuklaji was appointed Hindi teacher in Hindu University and later became the Head of Hindi Department. He died in 1941 AD. Following are the major compositions of Acharya Ramchandra Shukla- 'Charan Vinod', 'Radhakrishna Das', 'Chintamani Triveni', 'Surdas', 'Ras Mimamsa', 'History of Hindi literature' etc. He edited 'Bhramar Geetasar', 'Bharatendu Sahitya', 'Tulsi Granthavali' and 'Jayasi Granthavali'. The talent of Acharya Ramchandra Shukla Ji was multi-faceted. He was a great essayist, critic and thinker. He is considered the first basic critic of Hindi. His history of Hindi literature is considered to be superior in history. Acharya Ramchandra Shukla was the pride of Hindi. Full name of 'Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam' was 'Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam'. He was born on October 15, 1931 at Dhanushkothi in the temple town Rameshwaram in Tamil Nadu. He was born in a poor family, but he was an exceptionally brilliant child. Kalam passed the B.Sc. examination from Saint Joseph College, Thiruchirapalli. He joined Madras Institute of Technology (MIT). His further knowledge in the field got upgraded when he joined Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) in 1958 and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1963. He is known as the Missile Man of India. The various Indian Missiles of world order like Prithvi, Trishul, Akash, Agni, etc. are mainly the result of his efforts and caliber. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam became the 11th President of India. He served the country from 2002 to 2007. For his excellence and brilliance, he was awarded the prestigious Bharat Ratna in 1998; Padma Vibhushan in 1990; and Padma Bhushan in 1981. Dr Kalam expired on Monday 27 July 2015. He suddenly fell unconscious when he was delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management at Shillong. On 30 July 2015, the former President was laid to rest at Rameswaram's Pei Karumbu Ground with full state honours. Over 350,000 people attended the last rites, including the Prime Minister, the governor of Tamil Nadu and the chief ministers of Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was mainly interested in work. He was a bachelor. He was not interested in going abroad. He wanted to serve his motherland first. He said that he thinks his first and foremost duty is to serve his motherland. He was fond of music and the Koran and the Gita. Ever since becoming the head of the Indian State, he had been having interaction with children all over the country. He was by no means a miracle man. His advice to the youngster of the nation was to "dream dream and convert these into thoughts and later into actions".
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