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INTERNET OR WEB AND NETWORKING BASICS OSI MODEL


TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED IN IOT DEVELOPMENT

INTERNET/WEB AND NETWORKING BASICS OSI MODEL

Networking technologies enable IoT devices to communicate with other devices, applications, and services running in the cloud. The internet relies on standardized protocols to ensure communication between heterogeneous devices is secure and reliable. 

Standard protocols specify rules and formats that devices use to establish and manage networks and transmit data across those networks. Networks are built as a “stack” of technologies. Technology such as Bluetooth LE is at the bottom of the stack. While others such as IPv6 technologies (which are responsible for the logical device addressing and routing of network traffic) are further up the stack. Technologies at the top of the stack are used by the applications that are running on top of those layers, such as message queuing technologies. 

This article describes widely adopted technologies and standards for IoT networking. It also provides guidance for choosing one network protocol over another. It then discusses key considerations and challenges related to networking within IoT: range, bandwidth, power usage, intermittent connectivity, interoperability, and security.

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is an ISO-standard abstract model is a stack of seven protocol layers. From the top down, they are application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical. TCP/IP, or the Internet Protocol suite, underpins the internet, and it provides a simplified concrete implementation of these layers in the OSI model.

The TCP/IP model includes only four layers, merging some of the OSI model layers: 

Network Access & Physical Layer This TCP/IP Layer subsumes both OSI layers 1 and 2. The physical (PHY) layer (Layer 1 of OSI) governs how each device is physically connected to the network with hardware, for example with an optic cable, wires, or radio in the case of a wireless network like wifi IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n). At the link layer (Layer 2 of OSI), devices are identified by a MAC address, and protocols at this level are concerned with physical addressing, such as how switches deliver frames to devices on the network. 

Internet Layer This layer maps to the OSI Layer 3 (network layer). OSI Layer 3 relates to logical addressing. Protocols at this layer define how routers deliver packets of data between source and destination hosts identified by IP addresses. IPv6 is commonly adopted for IoT device addressing. 

Transport Layer The transport layer (Layer 4 in OSI) focuses on end-to-end communication and provides features such as reliability, congestion avoidance, and guaranteeing that packets will be delivered in the same order that they were sent. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is often adopted for IoT transport for performance reasons.

Application Layer

The application layer (Layers 5, 6, and 7 in OSI) covers application-level messaging. HTTP/S is an example of an application layer protocol that is widely adopted across the internet. Although the TCP/IP and OSI models provide you with useful abstractions for discussing networking protocols and specific technologies that implement each protocol, some protocols don’t fit neatly into these layered models and are impractical.

For example, the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol that implements encryption to ensure the privacy and data integrity of network traffic can be considered to operate across OSI layers 4, 5, and 6.

'Acharya Ramchandra Shukla' was born in 1884 in a village named Agona in Basti district, Uttar Pradesh, India. His father Pt. Chandrawali Shukla was a Sarayuparin Brahmin. He was a supervisor Kanungo and biased of Urdu. Shuklji had studied till the Intermediate. After this, he did the job. Then he left the job and became a teacher. He started writing in Hindi from his student life. Impressed by Shuklaji's ability, Nagari Pracharini Sabha, Kashi called him to work in the Hindi literature. Shuklaji was appointed Hindi teacher in Hindu University and later became the Head of Hindi Department. He died in 1941 AD. Following are the major compositions of Acharya Ramchandra Shukla- 'Charan Vinod', 'Radhakrishna Das', 'Chintamani Triveni', 'Surdas', 'Ras Mimamsa', 'History of Hindi literature' etc. He edited 'Bhramar Geetasar', 'Bharatendu Sahitya', 'Tulsi Granthavali' and 'Jayasi Granthavali'. The talent of Acharya Ramchandra Shukla Ji was multi-faceted. He was a great essayist, critic and thinker. He is considered the first basic critic of Hindi. His history of Hindi literature is considered to be superior in history. Acharya Ramchandra Shukla was the pride of Hindi. Full name of 'Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam' was 'Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam'. He was born on October 15, 1931 at Dhanushkothi in the temple town Rameshwaram in Tamil Nadu. He was born in a poor family, but he was an exceptionally brilliant child. Kalam passed the B.Sc. examination from Saint Joseph College, Thiruchirapalli. He joined Madras Institute of Technology (MIT). His further knowledge in the field got upgraded when he joined Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) in 1958 and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1963. He is known as the Missile Man of India. The various Indian Missiles of world order like Prithvi, Trishul, Akash, Agni, etc. are mainly the result of his efforts and caliber. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam became the 11th President of India. He served the country from 2002 to 2007. For his excellence and brilliance, he was awarded the prestigious Bharat Ratna in 1998; Padma Vibhushan in 1990; and Padma Bhushan in 1981. Dr Kalam expired on Monday 27 July 2015. He suddenly fell unconscious when he was delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management at Shillong. On 30 July 2015, the former President was laid to rest at Rameswaram's Pei Karumbu Ground with full state honours. Over 350,000 people attended the last rites, including the Prime Minister, the governor of Tamil Nadu and the chief ministers of Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was mainly interested in work. He was a bachelor. He was not interested in going abroad. He wanted to serve his motherland first. He said that he thinks his first and foremost duty is to serve his motherland. He was fond of music and the Koran and the Gita. Ever since becoming the head of the Indian State, he had been having interaction with children all over the country. He was by no means a miracle man. His advice to the youngster of the nation was to "dream dream and convert these into thoughts and later into actions".
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